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0:45 AM Heart failure (HF) | ||||||||||||||||||
Heart failure A-Heart failure (HF) is generally defined as inability of the heart to supply sufficient blood flow to meet the body's needs. It has various diagnostic criteria, and the term heart failure is often incorrectly used to describe other cardiac-related illnesses, such as myocardial infarction (heart attack) or cardiac arrest.B-Classification of heart failure:
C-causes of heart failure:
1-rheumatic heart disease 2-continental heart disease 3-coronary artery disease 4-primary muscle heart disease B-cusses of participating factors of heart failure 1-chest infection 2-pulmonary embolism 3-DVT 4-anemia 5-pregnancy 6-rheumatic fever D-symptoms of heart failure : (clinical picture) A-symptom
e-Treatment of heart failure : 1-treatment of underlying decease A number of conditions can contribute to heart failure. Treatment of these other factors may range from surgery or angioplasty to open clogged blood vessels in patients with coronary artery disease to medications prescribed to control high blood pressure, diabetes, anemia or thyroid disease. In addition, it's particularly important to treat abnormal heart rhythms called arrhythmias in patients with heart failure. 2-medication A number of medications are prescribed for heart failure, and most patients will take more than one drug. Medications may be prescribed to: * Dilate blood vessels * Strengthen the heart's pumping action * Reduce water and sodium in the body to lessen the heart's workload Types of medication include: 1-Angiotensive converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, which dilate, or widen, the arteries, improving blood flow and making it so that the heart doesn't have to pump as hard. ACE-Inhibitors counteract the action of certain compounds formed by the body to regulate heart failure but which can contribute to disease progression. 2-Beta-blockers lower blood pressure and decrease and block the effect of harmful hormones that can cause disease progression. 3-Diuretics or water pills help the kidneys produce more urine and rid the body of excess fluid, which can stress the heart. 4-Spironoachone is a form of diuretic that preserves potassium and has been shown to reduce hospitalization and prolong life when used to treat advanced heart failure. 5-Potassium and magnesium supplements are often prescribed with diuretics to replace these minerals, which are excreted in urine. 6-Digoxin makes the heart beat stronger and slower, and regulates the rhythm of its contractions. 7-Anti-arrhythmic drugs treat abnormal heart rhythms. 3-Surgery In some cases, doctors recommend surgery to treat the underlying problem that led to heart failure. Some treatments being studied and used in certain people include: 1-Coronary bypass surgery. If severely blocked arteries are contributing to your heart failure, your doctor may recommend coronary artery bypass surgery. In this procedure, a vein from your leg, arm or chest replaces a blocked vein in your heart to allow blood to flow through your heart more freely. 2-Heart valve repair or replacement. If a faulty heart valve causes your heart failure, your doctor may recommend repairing or replacing the valve. The surgeon can modify the original valve (valvuloplasty) to eliminate backward blood flow. Surgeons also can repair the valve by reconnecting valve leaflets or by removing excess valve tissue so that the leaflets can close tightly. Sometimes repairing the valve includes tightening or replacing the ring around the valve (annuloplasty). Valve replacement is done when valve repair isn't possible. In valve replacement surgery, the damaged valve is replaced by an artificial (prosthetic) valve. 3-Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). An ICD is a device implanted under the skin and attached through the veins in your chest to your heart with small wires. The ICD monitors the heart rhythm. If the heart starts beating at a dangerous rhythm, or if your heart stops, the ICD tries to shock it back into normal rhythm. 4-Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) or biventricular pacing. A biventricular pacemaker sends timed electrical impulses to both of the heart's lower chambers (the left and right ventricles), so that they pump in a more efficient, coordinated manner. As many as half the people with heart failure have problems with their heart's electrical system that cause their already-weak heart muscle to beat in an uncoordinated fashion. This inefficient muscle contraction may cause heart failure to worsen. Often a biventricular pacemaker is combined with an ICD for people with heart failure. 5-Heart pumps (left ventricular assist devices, or LVADs). These mechanical devices are implanted into the abdomen or chest and attached to a weakened heart to help it pump. Doctors first used heart pumps to help keep heart transplant candidates alive while they waited for a donor heart. - LVADs are now sometimes used as an alternative to transplantation. Implanted heart pumps can significantly extend and improve the lives of some people with severe heart failure who aren't eligible for or able to undergo heart transplantation or are waiting for a new heart. 6-Heart transplant. Some people have such severe heart failure that surgery or medications don't help. They may need to have their diseased heart replaced with a healthy donor heart. Heart transplants can dramatically improve the survival and quality of life of some people with severe heart failure. However, candidates for transplantation often have to wait months or years before a suitable donor heart is found. Some transplant candidates improve during this waiting period through drug treatment or device therapy and can be removed from the transplant waiting list. still under working | ||||||||||||||||||
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